Partie III Bibliographie
1 Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of
Maladie des légionnaires en Europe, 1997.
pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1977, 297: 1189–97.
Relev Epidémiol Hebd 1998, 73, No 34: 257–61.
2 McDade JE, Shepard CC, Fraser DW, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease: isolation of a bacterium and
La sous-déclaration de la légionellose en France:
demostration of its role in other respiratory disease.
18 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
Pontiac fever. An epidemic of unknown etiology
Légionellose en Suisse, de 1988 à 1994.
Legionnaires’ disease: the infective dose paradox.
Legionnaires’ disease bacterium isolated in 1947.
20 Pedro-Botet ML, Sabria –Leal M, Sopena N, et al.
Role of immunosuppression in the evolution of
«Legionnaires’ disease» in der Schweiz. Schweiz
Legionnaires’ disease. CID 1998, 26: 14–19.
21 Nechwatal R, Ehret W, Klatte OJ, et al.
Nosocomial outbreak of legionellosis in a rehabilitation
Die Entdeckung der Legionella pneumophila:
center. Demonstration of potable water as a source.
eine Glanzleistung der modernen Bakteriologie.
Schweiz Med Wschr 1980, 110: 1714–20.
22 Kramer M, Beer G, Nechwatal R, et al.
Kasuistik einer Legionellen-Epidemie in einer Rehabili-
Epidemiologie der Legionärskrankheit in der Schweiz
tationsklinik. Zentralblatt Hygiene 1992, 193: 262–71.
23 Joseph CA, Watson JM, Harrison TG, Bartlett CRL.
Schweiz Med Wschr 1989, 119: 1859–61.
Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease in England and
Wales, 1980-92. Epidemiol Infect 1994, 112: 329–45.
Modes of transmission in epidemic and nonepidemic
24 Bangsborg JM, Uldum S, Jensen JS, Bruun BG.
Legionella infection: directions for further study.
Nosocomial legionellosis in three heartlung transplant
In Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, Dufow AP eds.
patients: case reports and environmental observati-
Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives.
ons. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis, 1995, 14: 99–104.
25 Prodinger WM, Bonatti H, Allerberger F, et al.
Legionella pneumonia in transplant recipients:
Impact of technology in the emergence of infectious
a cluster of cases of eight years’ duration.
diseases. Epidemiol Rev 1996, 18: 4–9.
26 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
Légionellose nosocomiale. Bulletin OFSP 1997, 16: 15.
Seminars in Respiratory Infections 1998, 13: 90–99.
Sustained transmission of nosocomial Legionnaires’
Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella
disease – Arizona and Ohio. MMWR 1997, 46: 416–21.
pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J Clin Pathol 1980, 33: 1179–83.
28 Mastro TD, Fields BS,Breiman RF, et al.
Nosocomial Legionnaires’disease and use of medical
12 Barker J, Brown MRW; Collier PJ, et al.
nebulizers. JID 1991, 163, 667–71.
Relationship between Legionella pneumophila andAcanthamoeba polyphaga: physiological status and
29 Blatt SP, Parkinson MD, Pace E, et al.
susceptibility to chemical inactivation.
Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease: aspiration
Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58: 2420–25.
as a primary mode of disease acquisition. Am J Med 1993, 95: 16–22.
Legionella and Protozoa: Interaction of a pathogen
30 Lowry PW, Blankenship RJ, Gridley W, et al.
A cluster of Legionella sternal wound infections due
In Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, Dufow AP eds.
to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated
Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives.
tap water. N Engl J Med 1991, 324: 109–13.
Washington D.C.: ASM 1993, 129–36.
31 Marrie TJ, Haldane D, Macdonald S, et al.
14 Yamamoto H, Sugiura M, Kosunoki S, et al.
Control of endemic nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease
Factors stimulating propagation of Legionellae in cooling
by using sterile potable water for high risk patients.
tower water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58: 1394–97.
Epidemiol Infect 1991, 107: 591–605.
Invasion of protozoa by Legionella pneumophila and
Nosocomial Legionnaires’disease caused by
its role in bacterial ecology and pathogenesis.
aerosolized tap water from respiratory devices.
Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64: 3127–33.
Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease in a children’s
Community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease following
hospital. J Pediatr 1989, 115: 46–50.
minimal exposure to a contaminated source. J Infect 1997, 35: 300–02.
34 Mitchell DH, Hicks LJ, Chiew R et al.
Pseudoepidemic of Legionella pneumophila
50 Joseph CA, Harrison TG, Ilijic-Car D, Bartlett CLR.
serogroup 6 associated with contaminated broncho-
Legionnaires’ disease in residents of England and
scopes. J Hosp Infect 1997, 37: 19–23.
Wales: 1997. Commun Dis and Publ Health 1998, 1: 252–58.
35 Helms CM, Massanari MR, Zeitler R, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease associated with a hospital
51 Keller DW, Hajjeh R, De Maria A, et al.
water system: a cluster of 24 nosocomial cases.
Community outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease:
an investigation confirming the potential for coolingtowers to transmit Legionella species.
36 Veríssimo A, Vesey G, Rocha GM, et al.
A hot water supply as the source of Legionella pneumophila in incubators of a neonatology unit.
52 Jalaludin B, Chow C, Liddle J, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Western Sydney. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1995,
37 Aubert G, Bornstein N, Rayet I, et al.
Nosocomial infection with Legionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 and 8 in a neonate.
53 Brown CM, Nuorti PJ, Breiman RF, et al.
Scand J Infect Dis 1990, 22: 367–70.
A community outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease linked to hospital cooling towers: an epidemiological
Cas groupés de légionellose dans un centre
Intern J Epidemiol 1999, 28: 353–59.
d’hospitalisation pédiatrique. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire 1993,
Source of infection for sporadic Legionnaires’ disease:a review. J Infect 1995, 30: 9–12.
39 Pilon P, Tremblay M, Bernier F, et al.
Légionellose dans un établissement de soins
55 Mahoney FJ, Hoge CW, Farley TA, et al.
de longue durée – Québec. Relevé des maladies
Communitywide outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease
transmissibles au Canada 1998, 24: 113–16.
associated with a grocery store mist machine. JID 1992, 165: 736–39.
Sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires’disease in the United States. A case-control study.
Respiratory infections: community-acquired pneumonia and newer microbes.
57 Boer JWD, Yezerman E, Van Belkum A, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease and saunas. Lancet 1998, 351: 114.
58 Kool JL, Warwick MC, Pruckler JM, et al.
Prevalence of pneumonia due to Legionella pneu-
Outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease at a bar after
mophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a population
basement flooding. Lancet 1998, 351: 1030.
admitted to a departement of internal medicine. Respiration 1995, 62: 331–35.
Tödliche reiseassoziierte Legionellainfektion
durch Duschaerosole in einem deutschen Hotel.
New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired
pneumonia with implication for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases.
60 Bell JC, Jorm LR, Williamson M, et al.
Legionellosis linked with a hotel car park – how manywere infected ? Epidemiol Infect 1996, 116: 185–192.
44 Lieberman D, Porath A, Schlaeffer F, et al.
Legionella species community-acquired pneumonia.
61 Joseph CA, Harrison TG, Ilijic-Car D, Bartlett CLR.
A review of 56 hospitalized adult patients.
Legionnaires’ disease in residents of England and
Wales: 1996. CDR Review 1997, 7: 153–59.
45 Ruf B, Schürmann D, Horbach I et al.
62 Joseph CA, Morgan D, Birtles R, et al.
Prevalence and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia:
An international investigation of an outbreak of
a 3-year prospective study with emphasis on
Legionnaires disease among UK and French tourists.
application of urinary antigen detection.
46 Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al.
Epidémie de légionellose dans deux groupes de
Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia
touristes voyageant dans des campings, France et
requiring hospitalisation. Results of a population-
Espagne, juin 1996. Eurosurveillance 1997, 2: 48–50.
based active surveillance study in Ohio.
Arch Intern Med 1997, 157: 1709–18.
Heated spa associated with Legionella pneumophiladeaths. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1995,
47 Erard P, Moser F, Francioli P and a group
of practicioners at Neuchâtel. Prospective study on community-acquired pneumonia
65 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
diagnosed and fallowed up by private practicioners.
Légionellose après une cure thermale à l’étranger.
Interscience Conference on antimicrobial agents and
chemotherapy. Chicago 1991. Abstract 56.
Epidemiological typing of Legionella pneumophila
Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1998, 352:
with ribotyping. Report of two clinical cases.
67 Rocha G, Veríssimo A, Bowker R, et al.
86 Blatt SP, Dolan MJ, Hendrix CW, Melcher GP.
Relationship between Legionella spp. and antibody
Legionnaires’ disease in Human Immunodeficiency
titres at a therapeutic thermal spa in Portugal.
Virus- infected patients: eight cases and review.
68 Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron M et al.
87 Bangsborg JM, Jensen BN, Friis-Møller A, Bruun B.
Outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease among cruise ship
Legionellosis in patients with HIV infection.
passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa.
69 Castellani Pastoris M, Lo Monaco R, Goldoni P, et al.
Legionella bozemanii pneumonia in three patients
Legionnaires’ disease on a cruise ship linked
to the water supply system: clinical an public health
89 Goldberg DJ, Collier PW, Fallon RJ, et al.
implications. CID 1999, 28: 33–38.
Lochgoilhead fever: outbreak of non-pneumonic
70 Hutchinson EJ, Joseph CA, Bartlett CLR.
legionellosis due to Legionella micdadei.
EWGLI: un programme européen de surveillance
de la légionellose associée au voyage.
90 Fallon R.J, Goldberg DJ, Wrench JG, et al.
Pontiac fever in children. In Barbaree JM, Breiman RF,
Dufow AP eds. Legionella: current status and emerging
Das Befeuchtersyndrom als Berufskrankheit in der
perspectives. Washington D.C.: ASM 1993, 50–51.
91 Fenstersheib MD, Miller M, Diggins C, et al.
Outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella anisa.
92 Lüttichau HR, Vinther C, Uldum SA, et al.
73 Fotos PG, Westfall HN, Snyder IS, et al.
An outbreak of Pontiac fever among children following
Prevalence of Legionella-specific IgG and IgM
use of a whirlpool. CID 1998, 26: 1374–8.
93 Hoebe CJ, Cluitmans JJ, Wagenvoort JH.
Two fatal cases of nosocomial Legionella pneumophi-
74 Reinthaler F, Mascher F, Stünzner D.
la pneumonia associated with a contaminated cold
Legionella pneumophila: Seroepidemiologische
Untersuchungen bei Zahnärzten und zahnärztlichem
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires’ disease).
Zentralblatt Bakt Hyg 1987, B 185: 164–70.
Dans: Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (Editors).
Principles and practice of infectious diseases.
Legionellosis. New Engl J Med 1997, 337: 82–87.
Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York, 1995. Chap. 211 and 212: 2087–2103.
Pneumonia associated with near-drowning.
Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of Legionellainfections. J Microbiol Methods 1998, 33: 59–79.
Legionnaires’ disease – State-of-the-art clinical article.
Legionella. Manual of clinical microbiology
(Murray PR et al). Sixth edition, 1995. ASM Press,
78 Famiglietti RF, Bakerman PR, Saubolle MA, Rudinsky M.
Washington, D.C., Chap. 42: 533–544.
Cavitary Legionellosis in two immunocompetent
97 Plouffe JF, File TM, Breiman RF, et al.
infants. Pediatrics 1997, 99: 899–903.
Reevaluation of the definition of Legionnaires’
79 Kappler C, Führer M, Nicolai T, et al.
disease: use of the urinary antigen assay.
Protrahierte Legionellenpneumonie bei akuter
98 Fiore AE, Nuorti JP, Levine OS, et al.
Epidemic Legionnaires’ disease two decades later:
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis and
Legionnaires’ disease. Clin Nephr 1996, 45: 209–10.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaires’ disea-
Manifestations extra-pulmonaires des légionelloses.
se: a review. CID 1995, 21 (Suppl 3): 265–76.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaires Disease:
Septic shock in pregnancy associated with Legionella
time for a change. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129: 328–30.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 176: 706–7.
Lack of resistance to erythromycin, rifampicin
83 Plaschke M, Ströhle A, Then Bergh F, et al.
and ciprofloxacin in 98 clinical isolates of Legionella
Neurologische und psychiatrische Symptomatik
bei der Legionellainfektion; Fallbericht und Übersicht
J Antimicrob Chemotherapy 1997, 39: 815–16.
Excellent activity of newer quinolones on Legionella
Legionnaires’ disease. Chest 1994, 105: 1817–25.
Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 1997, 285: 431–39.
Comparative study of Legionella pneumophila and
Legionella pneumophila pneumonia despite early
sequential oral-parenteral therapy with Augmentin.
104 Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, File TM.
120 Société suisse des ingénieurs et des architectes.
Alimentation du bâtiment en eau chaude sanitaire.
guidelines for management. CID 1998, 26: 811–38.
105 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
121 Société Suisse de l’Industrie du Gaz et des Eaux.
Recommandations concernant la surveillance
Directives pour l’établissement d’installations d’eau.
Règles techniques SSIGE–W3 (1992).
Stratégie de lutte plus active demandée. Bulletin OFSP 1997, 50: 14–15.
122 Société Suisse de l’Industrie du Gaz et des Eaux.
Directives pour la surveillance sanitaire des distributi-
ons d’eau. Règles techniques SSIGE – W1 (1997).
Loi sur les épidémies du 18 décembre 1970 (818.101).
123 Société Suisse de l’Industrie du Gaz et des Eaux.
Ordonnance du 13 janvier 1999 sur la déclaration
et à la désinfection de conduites d’eau de boisson.
des maladies transmissibles de l’homme (818.141.1).
Règles techniques SSIGE – W1000 (1999, en voie de publication).
108 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
Nouvelle réglementation dès le 1er mars 1999 de la
The control of legionellosis including legionnaires’
Supplémentum XIV (février 1999), dans:
disease. Health and Safety Series booklet HS(G)70.
Malades infectieuses – Diagnostic et prévention.
London HMSO, second Edition 1993 (ISBN 0 7176 0451 9).
Caractérisation épidémiologique de souches de
Legionella par trois marqueurs génotypiques:
Influence of materials on the microbiological
ribotypie, PLFR et PLFA. Thèse de doctorat No 2770,
colonisation of drinking water. Aqua 1989, 38: 101–13.
1995. Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Genève.
126 Sibille I, Sime-Ngando T, Mathieu L, Block J.C.
110 Valsangiacomo C, Baggi F, Gaia V, et al.
Protozoan bactivory and Escherichia coli survival
Use of amplified fragment lenght polymorphism
in molecular typing of Legionella pneumophila and
Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 4: 197–202.
127 Office fédéral de la santé publique.
J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33: 1716–19.
Légionelles un problème technique d’hygiène.
Rapport du groupe de travail institué par l’OFSP.
Nosocomial pneumonia caused by three genetically
Document établi en 1989 et partiellement
different strains of Legionella pneumophila and
detection of these strains in the hospital water supply.
J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36: 1160–63.
How to prevent an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease.
J Hospital Infection 1994, 27: 247–56.
Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.
Legionella e legionellosi. Istituto Superiore di Sanità
113 Best M, Stout J, Muder RR, Yu VL, et al.
e Assessorato di Sanità Regione Campania.
Legionellaceae in the hospital water-supply.
Realizzazione editoriale Mark it, Roma 1993.
Epidemiological link with disease and evaluation
of a method for control of nosocomial Legionnaires’
Legionellosis – Datos de España, diagnóstico de
laboratorio y recomendaciones para su prevención
y control en installaciones de edificios. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 1994.
Guide d’investigation d’un ou plusieurs cas
Prévention des infections nosocomiales à Légionelles.
de légionellose. Bulletin Hépidémiologique
Bulletin Swiss-NOSO 1997, Vol 4 No 2: 9–12.
Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone
Bewertung positiver Legionellen-Befunde in
and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila withing
Hygiene + Medizin 1991, 16: 353–56.
Appl Envir Microbiol 1987, 53: 447–53.
116Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW).
Legionella in water distribution systems.
Trinkwassererwärmungs- und Leitungsanlagen;
Technische Massnahmen zur Verminderung des Legionellenwachstums. Arbeitsblatt W 551 (1993)
134 Société suisse des ingénieurs et des architectes.
Qualité de l’eau et performances des installations de régénération de l’eau dans les piscines publiques.
117 Exner M, Tuschewitzki GJ, Langer B, et al.
Vorkommen und Bewertung von Legionellen in
complément Recommandation SIA 385/11 (1990),
Krankenhäusern und anderen Grossgebäuden.
complément Recommandation SIA 385/12 (1994).
Forum Städte-Hygiene 1992, 43: 130–40.
En révision, nouvelles normes prévues en 1999.
118 Ruef C, Pagano E, P-A Raeber, et al.
135 Caisse nationale suisse d’assurance en cas
Légionelles à l’hôpital – Directives pratiques pour
d’accidents (CNA). Humidification de l’air.
Feuillet d’information No 44021.f (1990).
Bulletin Swiss-NOSO 1998, Vol 5 No 2: 12–14.
136 Office fédéral de l’industrie, des arts et métiers et du
Les légionelloses, épidémiologie et lutte:
Maintenance des installations de ventilation et de
Mémorandum d’une réunion de l’OMS.
climatisation. Santé au travail, feuillet d’information
137 Société suisse des ingénieurs et des architectes (SIA).
Performances techniques requises pour les
Intermittent use of copper-silver ionisation for
installations de ventilation et de climatisation.
Legionella control in water distribution systems:
Recommandation SIA No V382/1 (1992).
a potential option in buildings housing individuals at low risk of infection. CID 1998, 26: 138–40.
138 Société suisse des ingénieurs en chauffage et
Directives pour l’utilisation des filtres dans les
Controlling Legionella using copper-silver ionisation.
installations aérotechniques, SICC 96 – 4F.
Installations de ventilation dans l’industrie hôtelière,
Copper-silver ionisation: cautious optimism for
Humidification de l’air dans les installations
Legionella disinfection and implications for
Traitement des eaux destinées aux installations de
Am J Infect Control 1997, 25: 449–51.
chauffage, vapeur et climatisation, SICC 97–1F. Documents en révision, demander la listes actualisée
154 Département fédéral de l’intérieur.
des directives au secrétariat SICC.
Ordonnance du 26 juin 1995 sur les substances
étrangères et les composants dans les denrées
Directives pour la construction, l’exploitation et la
surveillance des installations de ventilation
méchanique dans les hôpitaux. Cahier d’étude No 35,
Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal
1987 (épuisé, révision prévue pour 1999).
drinking water on risk of nosocomial Legionnaires’
disease. Lancet 1999, 353: 272–79.
Susceptibility of member of the family Legionellaceae
to thermal stress: implications for heat eradication
Feldversuch zur Gewinnung legionellenfreien Was-
sers aus Duschen und Waschbecken einer Transplan-
Appl Environ Microbiol 1986, 52: 396–99.
ta-tionsstation durch ein Wasserfiltersystem.
Zentralblatt Hyg 1995, 196: 515–531.
Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legio-
157 Pankhurst CL, Philpott-Howard JN, Hewitt JH,
nella. Seminars Respirat Infect 1998, 13: 147–159.
The efficacy of chlorination and filtration in the
control and eradication of Legionella from dental chair
In: Mayhall GC (Editor). Hospital epidemiology and
water systems. J Hosp Infect 1990, 16: 9–18.
infection control. William and Wilkins, Baltimore 1996.
Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease – strategies
143 Steinert M, Ockert G, Lück C, Hacker J.
for prevention. J Microbiol Methods 1998, 33: 81–91.
Regrowth of Legionella pneumophila in a heath-
The control of Legionellae in healthcare premise –
Zentralblatt Bakteriol 1998, 288: 331–42.
144 Linde HJ, Hengerer A, Voggesberger E, et al.
Sanierung von Warmwassersystemen mit Legionel-
lenbefall – Dokumentation eigener Erfahrungen mit
Zentralblatt Hyg 1995, 197: 441–51.
Vol 4: Operational management, Vol 5: Good practice guide.
145 Moreno C, de Blas I, Miralles F, et al.
A simple method for the eradication of Legionella
pneumophila from potable water systems. Can J Microbiol 1997, 43: 1189–96.
Managing swimming, spa and other pools to prevent
infection. Coomunicable Disease Report 1996,
Disinfection of water distribution systems for
Legionella: a review of application procedures andmethodologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990,
161 Addis DG, Davis JP, LaVenture M, et al.
Community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease
associated with a cooling tower: evidence for longer
Anwendung von UV-Strahlen zur Desinfektion von
distance-transport of Legionella pneumophila.
Wasser. UV-Sensibilität von Legionella pneumophila
unterschiedlichen Alters in kaltem und warmem Trink-wasser. Zentralblatt Hyg 1989, 188: 35–46.
Controlled evaluation of copper-silver ionisation in eradicating Legionella pneumophila from a hospitalwater distribution system. JID 1994, 169: 919–922.
149 Mietzner S, Schwille RC, Farley A, et al.
Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionisation for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals. Am J Infect Control 1997, 25: 452–57.
Untersuchungen zur Dekontamination eines legionellenbelasteten Warmwasserkreislaufs in einem Krankenhaus unter Einsatz des Tarn-Pure-Verfahrens. Hygiene Med 1995, 20: 292–302.
The first World Conference on Breast Cancer acknowledged that higher levels of estrogen increased the risk of breast cancer. 27 out of 31 studies have found that even one abortion can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Having a first child before the age of 18 years reduces the breast cancer risk dramatically. In first trimester miscarriages, the estradiol (estrogen) levels are usua
For use as a synergist in a tank mix to (Butylcarbityl) (6-propylpiperonyl) ether .73.04%Related compounds .18.26% aid in improving the control of insects Aids in inhibiting mixed function oxidative resistance in insects CAUTION PRECAUCIÓN See reverse for first aid and precautionary statements. DIRECTIONS FOR USE Exponent’s active ingredient to 1 part insecticide active in