Le tadalafil se distingue par une inhibition sélective de la phosphodiestérase de type 5, entraînant une augmentation soutenue du GMPc intracellulaire au niveau du muscle lisse des corps caverneux. Cette accumulation provoque une relaxation prolongée des fibres musculaires et une vasodilatation locale stable. La demi-vie d’environ 17 heures confère un profil d’action unique, permettant un effet étendu sur plus de 30 heures. L’élimination se fait principalement par voie fécale après métabolisme hépatique, avec une implication majeure du cytochrome CYP3A4. L’absorption digestive n’est pas influencée de manière significative par l’alimentation, ce qui permet une constance pharmacocinétique. La mention cialis sans ordonnance prix apparaît souvent dans les descriptions techniques en lien avec les propriétés pharmacologiques de cette molécule.
Cardiac anomalies 2014
Common Cardiovascular Anomalies and Diseases Heart Attack:
This is a vascular disease of the heart characterized by inadequate blood supply to heart muscle leading to their damage and ultimate death.
Heart Block:
This is a nervous disease of the heart in which the ventricles contract independent of the SA node. In this condition the heart usual y beats at a slower rate most of the time. Myocardial Infarction (MI):
• This is a vascular disease of the heart characterized by necrotic myocardial c h a n g e s f o l l o w i n g i n a d e q u a t e o r interrupted blood flow to the myocardium.
• It is most commonly caused by coronary i n s u f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t i n g f r o m atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
• Myocardial infarction could be slowly progressive or acute (sudden) in nature.
• The necrotic myocardial tissue is usually replaced by fibrous tissue scar. Angina Pectoris: This is severe constricting pain or feeling of tightness in the chest. It is usually caused by arterial constriction due to:
1. Stress 2. Strenuous exercise after a heavy meal 3. Sudden exposure to a cold environment Angina pain is normally relieved by a few minutes of rest after it occurred It is also relieved by the administration of a vasodilator e.g. Sublingual Nitroglycerin which relaxes the coronary arteries. Angina pain is often less severe than the pain of myocardial infarction which is also not relieved Cardiac Functions and Ions
• Low Potassium and Calcium in blood depresses the heart while
• Excess of calcium could lead to sustained cardiac muscle contraction resulting in death (Death by lethal injection) SOME CARDIAC PARAMETERS • Heart rate (HR):
• Female - 72-80/min • Male – 64-72/min • Average – 75/min • Fetal heart rate = 140-160 • Abnormal Heart rate • Tachycardia = over 100/min • Bradycardia = below 60/min • Stroke Volume (SV) – 70ml (Same for right and left ventricles)
• Cardiac output – HR x SV =70 x 75 = 5252ml = approximately 5 litres.
• Systemic BP 120/80 mmHg
• Pulmonary BP 25/8 mmHg
• End-Diastolic-Volume
• End-Systolic-Volume
• Therefore, Stroke volume = EDV-ESV= 120-50=70ml • Venous return is increased by:
1.Slow heart rate 2.Exercise
• Venous return increases EDV
• Afterload = Back pressure exerted by Arterial Blood. It is the pressure the ventricles must overcome before they could eject blood.
• It is equal to the diastolic pressure (80 or 8 mmHg) and impedes the ability of the ventricles to release blood.
• High afterload leads to high ESV but reduced SV
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