Microsoft word - ppai occasional paper no 3[1].doc
PPAI Occasional Paper No 3 This paper was prepared initially at the request of a New South Wales lawyer. He was defending an apprehended offender from the Northern Territory. The paper proved useful at sentencing. The paper was revised for publication in 2005. Paraphilias (also known as sexual deviations and as sexual variations): are a problem of
sexual preference or of the direction of one’s sexual desire. Prior to the last few decades,
paraphilias were known as perversions. In professional circles, “paraphilia” is the term of
choice as being devoid of any moral or value judgement. Exhibitionism, one of the most
commonly referred to paraphilias, is described by de Silva, 1995 as “where the person
derives sexual pleasure by exposing their genitals in inappropriate places, such as public
highways or parks, and by Dorland 2003 as “recurrent intense sexual urges…exposing
the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger. Exhibitionism occurs almost exclusively in
Paraphilias, and as one of them exhibitionism, have a place as disorders in the
American Psychiatric Associations’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
A “paraphilia” as having “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual
urges, or behaviours generally involving (1) non-human objects, (2) the suffering of
humiliation of oneself or one’s partner, or (3) children or other non-consenting
persons….” and exhibitionism as involving “the exposure of one’s genitals to a stranger, sometimes
the individual masturbates while exposing himself…”
Exhibitionism (and other paraphilias) may lead people to experience adverse legal and/or
interpersonal consequences yet its practice may be found so rewarding and irresistible
that the behaviour is continued (Seligman & Hardenburg, 2000). Seligman &
Hardenburg also refer to treatment: Cognitive-behavioural techniques are widely used;
medications that have been used include clomipramine; because of high rates of
recidivism, long-term treatment, relapse prevention and monitoring may be needed. De
Silva (1995) reports that, where incorporation of a paraphilia into a socially acceptable
sexual behaviour is not an option, therapy should aim at elimination or control.
Bradford (2000) directs attention to the strength of the sex drive. It is basic and
biological and is analogous to hunger. Though not essential to survival (unlike hunger)
the intensity of the sexual drive is similar to that of hunger, and the biomedical approach
would involve reducing the force of the sexual drive and redirecting the drive toward
normal sexual behaviour. He reports that recent studies show that “increased serotonin
levels reduce sexual drive.” (Clomipramine is a medication which has that effect as well
as being effective as an anti-depressant.) Normal in this context may be taken to imply
Two essential components of a model of motivated behaviour are a drive and a learned
mechanism for satisfying that drive. Practices for satisfying the sexual drive in humans,
as against other animals, are learned mechanisms. Paraphilias are amongst these
mechanisms. Where the mechanism chosen is a paraphilia, there is the possibility that
the “chooser” is influenced by a diathesis – an inherited predisposition (a physical and/or
a personality characteristic in this context) – which blocks the choice from being a
mechanism in the normal range. Alternatively a non-afflicted “chooser” might accidentally experience a deviant mechanism involving an other-sex person as the first
intensely satisfying sexual encounter. Should this be repeated and reinforced, it is likely
that it would become fixed as a habit and be the “preferred learned mechanism.”
Exhibitionism, being a paraphilia and no matter how initially generated, becomes a
deeply ingrained habit. [Consider the neuroanatomy: from learning intake (hippocampus)
via main pathway (fornix) to procreative pleasure centre (septum) and “with satisfaction
feed back” to hippocampus.] This habit is one that from appearances has a process of
fixation analogous to that of imprinting in young animals, birds, etc. Erasure from brain
of such a paraphilic mechanism, if possible requires the concomitant occurrence of:
generation and practice of a pleasure-creating alternative mechanism
conditions facilitating “new mechanism” practice
reduction to NIL of the stimulatory force of the occurrence of what has been
perceived as an “opportunity circumstance” and
the determined discontinuance and complete rejection of the paraphilia practised.
Cognitive restructuring must be specifically directed towards extinction of any
thinking that would allow exhibiting to have any place amongst responses to the
sexual drive. The generation of a prime alternative learned mechanism capable of
supplying no less intense satisfaction of the drive must occur as an element of the
process of cognitive restructuring. Conditions allowing regular practice of the new
mechanism must be in place and remain in place during the whole of the time period
needed for restructuring, dishabituation and extinction, and rehabilitation. Means
must be found by counsellor and exhibitor conjointly to divest every known or possible “opportunity circumstance” of its stimulatory power or association. (This,
in short, is the process of extinguishing a “conditioned” stimulus.) Discontinuance of the exhibiting habit and of the inclination to “engage it” when desiring sexual
satisfaction must be fiercely and unbendingly self-enforced by the erstwhile exhibitor.
Appropriate compulsion-reducing medication can be expected to be needed to assist
this process. Medication and psychotherapy to correct or compensate for a
physiological problem triggered by the habit or by genetic inheritance may also need References Bradford, J McD W (2000). The Treatment of Sexual Deviation Using a Pharmachological Approach. J. of Sex Research. Vol 37, Issue 3, p248 et seq. de Silva, P (1995). Paraphilias and sexual dysfunction. International Review of Psychiatry. Vol 7, Issue 2, p225 et seq. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 30th Ed. (2003). West Philadelphia PA: Seligman, L & Hardenburg, S A (2000). Assessment and treatment of paraphilias. J. of Counseling & Developoment, Vol 78, Issue 1, p197 et seq. Carroll, B J & Barrett, J E (eds.) (1991). Psychopathology and the Brain. New York: Raven Press. (Chapter dealing with Chemical Imprinting). Crenshaw, T L & Goldberg, J P (1996). Sexual Pharmacology: Drugs that Affect Sexual Function. New York: W W Norton & Coy. (Contains a small section on
Problem 25: Cyclohexanes B forms in the reaction of A with a strong, non nucleophilic base. B reacts with bromine to form racemic C. The final products D (major) and E (minor) form by the reaction of C with a strong, non nucleophilic base. 25.1 Draw a 3-D structure of A in its most stable conformation. Circle the atoms that are possibly involved in the reaction to
NB TRANSLATION ONLY FOR REFERENCE , please see the original document Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Invested Industries (2011 Version) Catalogue of Industries in which Foreign Investment is Encouraged I. Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery 1. Planting, development and production of woody plants that contain edible oils or that can be used as seasonings or industr