Clinical assessment of hypertensive patient:
• You have to take history regarding the presence of other
risk factors for CAb like diabetes mellitus, smoking, etc.
• Take history whether the patient takes medications that
cause hypertension or the patient has symptoms suggestive of secondary cause (like sweating and palpitation suggestive of pheochromacytoma) or symptoms suggestive of complications (like breathlessness and chest pain).
• On examination, you have to look for radio-femoral delay
• Examination of the kidneys, abdomen for evidence of
polycystic disease of the kidney (Palpable kidney).
• Look for bruit for evidence of renal artery stenosis.
• Look for the face for evidence of Cushing’s syndrome.
• Assess other risk factors like obesity, features of
• Evidence of complications like heaving apex beat, loud 52,
Treatment:
• Treatment of hypertension reduces cardiovascular insults
• For patient with mild hypertension general measures
regarding change in life style (non-pharmacological treatment) may be tried for (3-6 months) and these measures may make the patient does not require medication and these include reduce weight of obese patients, regular exercise, decrease salt and alcohol intake (Salt less than 6g/day) and excessive intake of vegetables.
• These measures need to be used in patient with moderate
or severe hypertension and there will decrease requirement for antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs: I. Thiazide and other diuretics:
• These medications need to be used for all patient with
hypertension unless there is a contraindication because these drugs have a significant role in decrease morbidity and mortality.
• The exact way of action is unknown and they require for
up to 1 month for them to get full action.
• They include 2.5mg/day Bendroflumethiazide
(Bendrofluazide) or 0.5mg/day Cyclopenthiazide.
• The more potent diuretics like Furosemide 40mg/day or
bumetanide 1mg/day has no much advantages over Thiazide except in patients with renal impairment or in patients using ACEI(s).
II. B-adrenoceptor antagonists:
• Metoprolol 100-200mg/day, Atenolol 50-100mg/day,
Bisoprolol 5-10mg/day. All of these drugs are cardioselective.
• They act on 13-1 receptors arid they donet act on 13-2
receptors (vasodilatation and bronchodilatation).
• Labetalol (200mg-2.4g daily) is an Q and (3 antagonist so
it is more powerful than pure 13 antagonists and it’s used in patients with malignant hypertension.
III. ACEI Drug Dosage Captopril 25-75mg
: These medications inhibit conversion of angiotensin
I to II. They need to be used with precaution in patients with renal artery stenosis or impaired renal function because these conditions decrease glomerular filtration and blood urea needs to be checked prior and 1-2 week after starting medications and not to be used when serum creatinine above 3mg.
b. Cough. c. Skin rash. d. bysgeusia (unpleasant metallic taste). e. Proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. f. Leuckopenia and even may cause pancytopenia.
IV. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists:
Valsartan 40-160mg/day, Losartan 50-100mg/day.
are similar to ACEIs but they don’t interfere bradykinin metabolism so unlikely to cause cough. V. Calcium channels blockers (CCB): Dihipyridines Rate limiting CCB.
elderly but they can cause side and they are useful in patient effects in form of flushing of with angina. The main side face, tachycardia, postural effect of Verapamil is hypotension and headache.
Alfa -blockers Directly act on smooth
Prazosin 0.5-20mg/day Hydralazine 25-100mg/twice Indoramin 25-100/12
They can cause headache, postural hypotension, tachycardia while minoxidil can cause hirsutism so not advisable to be used in females.
VII. Centrally acting anti-hypertension drugs:
Methyldopa 250mg/3 times daily, Clonidine 0.05-0.1 mg/8
hourly. Both of them can cause fatigue, generalized weakness and are poorly tolerated. Choice of anti-hypertension drugs: The choice depend on:
a. Cost of medications. b. Compliance. c. Response of blood pressure. d. Development of side-effects. e. Also depend whether there is associated diseases that make you prefer or avoid certain medications.
Patient with bronchospasm (asthma) avoid 13-blockers. Patient with Raynaud’s phenomena prefer Nifedipine and
Patient with ??????? Alfa-blockers. Patient with hyperuricaernia and gout avoid diuretics. Patient with depression avoid B-blockers. Patient with diabetes mellitus prefer ACEIs or angiotensin
Patient with renal vascular disease avoid ACEIs and
Patient with erectile dysfunction avoid B-blockers and
Patient with atrial fibrillation prefer B-blockers and rate
Patient with heart failure prefer diuretics and ACEIs. Patient with ischernic heart disease prefer B-blockers,
Patient with heart block avoid 13-blockers and rate
Patient (elderly) prefer CCB and diuretics.
Combination therapy:
50% of hypertensive patients are controlled by single
agents. Others may require combinations and the value of combinations is the following:
2. Decrease the side-effects of medications by using small doses of multiple medications. 3. There is synergetic benefit from using combinations, e.g. diuretics increase the level of rennin while B-blockers decrease it.
Preferred combinations:
a. Diuretics preferred to be combined with B-blockers and ACEIs (to decrease hyperkalaemia). b. ACEIs preferred to be combined with diuretics and CCB. c. B-blockers preferred to be combined with diuretics, Alfablockers and CCB.
Treatment of accelerated hypertension:
It is not preferable to decrease blood pressure rapidly
because this will impair tissue perfusion and results in critical ischemia, e.g. patient may get cortical ischemia with blindness or coronary and renal insults.
It is preferable to decrease mean blood pressure by 25% in
next 6 hours and then to a level below 160/100 in the following further 6 hours.
In emergency conditions you need to decrease blood
1. Hypertensive encephalopathy. 2. Pulmonary edema. 3. Dissecting aneurysm of aorta. 4. eclampsia.
The medications used are:
• Labetalol 2mg/mm up to the maximum of 200mg.
• Hydralozine 5-10mg IM repeated at half hourly intervals.
• Intravenous glyceryl trinitrate 0.6-1.2 mg/hour.
• Others include intravenous sodium nitroprusside
Refractory hypertension:
If blood pressure not responding to medication there are 3
a. Non-compliance of patient, check if the patient using medication or not. b. Inadequate medications. c. Presence of undiscovered underlying cause, e.g. renal artery stenosis or pheochromacytoma.
Adjuvant therapy: Aspirin: Aspirin therapy has role in decrease cardiovascular risk on the expense it may cause cerebral bleeding and hemorrhage but benefit overcome the risk. Statins: Treatment of hyperlipidemia is important to decrease cardiovascular risk.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FROM TREATMENT ADVISORY GROUP meetings 8th April 2012 (Formal y Medicines & technologies Board) In attendance from CCGs: no representative from a CCG was present at this meeting The enclosed policies represent DRAFT recommendations to CCGs. It is proposed that individual CCGs consider the summaries and policies enclosed within their relevant decis
Working with visions of a sustainable society In the project Göteborg 2050 we developed visions of a future city and region of Göteborg in a sustainable world. Images of a long-term sustainable future were used in the project to stimulate an accelerated movement towards sustainability using a methodology called backcasting. The project Göteborg 2050 included components of researc